14. 10 KAPAMPANGAN TERMS WITH RELIGIOUS ORIGINS

Contributed by Papa Osmubal

ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTOR:
PAPA OSMUBAL(aka Oscar Balajadia) of Magalang, is a poet-artist residing in Macau-SAR, China. A graduate of Holy Angel University,  he has an MA in English Studies from the University of Macau (Highest Honor),and  a post-graduate diploma in education from Universidade de Sao Jose (Highest Honor) As an artist, he has an interest in occidental calligraphy, and has done many solo art exhibits. His writings have appeared in various anthologies and publications, online and hard copy, most recently in Subtle Tea, The Houston Literary Review, Poor Mojo's Almanac, Bulatlat and The Cortland Review. Author of the book series on the roots of Kapampangan language, O Jo Nu'Ca Menibat. A forthcoming book , "Capampangan Roots: Primitive Words and Syllables from Polynesian-Austronesian, Sanskrit, Chinese and Bahasa Languages as Roots of the Capampangan Language" will be published by the Center for Kapampangan Studies.

13. 22 DESCRIPTIVE KAPAMPANGAN WORDS FOR COLORS, SHADES AND HUES

History is often presented in black and white, or in sepia tones, but our ancestors probably had more color sense than we do today—judging from the riot of colors that characterized their costumes, food and fiestas—and a palette of words to describe many shades, tones and hues. Fray Diego Bergaño, who compiled Kapampangan words into a dictionary, provides further notes and examples of word usage, which are include here.

1.      ALUNTIAN. Adj., “green texture, green fabric”

2.      BALANTAN. “stain on a badly dyed object”. Thus, mabalantan, are “clothes dyed in this manner”

3.      BULANGGO or BULANGGAO, Adj. “reddish, ruddy”. Blond hair of a Dutchman is described as “bulanggo a buac”, but curiously “bulanggo a mata” refers to the blue eyes of a cat.

4.      BULIC. “stained with white and red”. In Tagalog, “bulik” is white and black spots, used to describe a rooster’s speckles.

5.      CALICAM. “flesh-colored”. Bergaño notes that it’s a rarely-used word.

6.      CAYUMANGGUI. Adj., “Brownish”, more brown (moreno) than fair-skinned. Sometimes spelled as “komanggi”

7.      CULIMLIM. “badly tinted or dyed” . Dusky.  Brownish face of skin.

8.      GALATGAT. “Mix colors to produce another color”.

9.      IRO or IRAO. “Blue”, or “that which is given a blue dye”, or “the cock with blackish and white feathers”. Tayum is “the bush of a small tree from which the blue dye is produced. The verb  tayum, is “to dye something in blue”; teyuman is “dyed in blue”; and the figurative expression meguing tayum, means “bruised black and white”.

10.  LACÀ. “dyed with colors that are not so bright”.

11.  LARÉ or LARAY. “the ruddiness or color of health”. It is also the color or blush that appears on the face because of fear, shame or embarrassment. A synonym is diua (‘ruddiness”), mariua (“one who has the healthy glow), alang diua na (“he is pallid”) 

12.  LILÂ. “different kind of blue”.

13.  LUTU. Noun. “The color red”.  The color is achieved through dyes derived from bangcuro, a tree bark or lino, a root that gives a deep red color. Lumpi is the bright red color caused by buyo or betel leaf. Adj. “malutu”

14.  PAPAS. Noun. “the color yellow”. The color is achieved through ángè, a root similar to saffron, that is used to color food like bringhe.

15.  PUTI. “Whiteness”. Caputian, intense whiteness. Miti, “to bleach, to whitewash”. Manimuti, “to become pallid”. Busilac, means “the whitest”.

16.  PUTLA.”paleness”. Manimutla, “to become pale”, maputla,”pale”.

17.  PUYASIO or PUYASIAO. “discolored”. Manimuyasiao, ‘to become discolored”.

18.  SUGÂ. “blazing color”. Adj. “masuga”, in living color.

19.  SULBANG. Noun. “a tree and its red flowers.”Meguinsulbang”,  to appear red as in the sky or clouds, or a thing that causes one to blush.

20.  TINÂ. Adj., “dyed in dark color or in black”. The verb “tinâ,” means “to dye”.

21.  TUGAGAS. “a thing becomes clean because the color has faded”, or the stain has disappeared.

22.  TULING. “blackness”. Matuling, “black”; manuling-nuling,”somewhat black”; ”pantis”, means ”the blackest”.

SOURCE:
Adapted from Robby P. Tantingco's article previously published in Singsing Magazine.

12.Part II: LITTLE-KNOWN THINGS ABOUT JOSE ABAD SANTOS, CHIEF JUSTICE AND HERO

L-R: Jose Abad Santos, elder brother Pedro, 1st Lady Aurora Aragon-Quezon

11. BROTHERS JOSE AND PEDRO ABAD SANTOS HAD CONFLICTING POLITICAL BELIEFS THAT PUT THEM IN DIFFICULT SITUATIONS.
The two brothers were poles apart when it came to their political convictions. The elder Pedro was founder of the Socialist Party of the Philippines that supported a revolution of the masses, while Jose was a Secretary of Justice tasked with enforcing the law—which included opposing his brother. In one event in Pampanga where a reform program was launched before farmers, Jose pleaded with Pedro not to embarrass Quezon . Pedro complied, introducing Quezon as a 'friend of the masses and the poor'. But before Quezon spoke, Pedro panned the legal system that, he said, landlords used against the poor. He challenged Jose, then seated next to Quezon, and sarcastically remarked that the 'secretary cannot help us if he just sits in his office.' Though often at odds, both were champions of the welfare of the common people.

 12. ABAD SANTOS INTRODUCED THE IDEA OF PUBLISHING THE NAMES OF BAR EXAMINERS.
Abad Santos believed that to ensure clean examinations, the names of the bar examiners should be published. This innovation was adopted by the Supreme Court in 1934. Beginning with Vol. 56 of the Philippine Reports, the names of the members of the Bar Exams Committee have appeared on print. However, the Supreme Court in recent years, found it unwise to reveal the names of the examiners bfore the actual exams, as this has resulted in leakages.

 13. ABAD SANTOS SHARES A BIRTHDAY WITH THE FIRST LADY, AURORA ARAGON-QUEZON.
Jose Abad Santos was born on 19 February 1886. He shares his birthday with the Philippine First Lady, Aurora Aragon-Quezon (born 19 February 1888), whose husband, Pres. Quezon, he had dutifully served. It was also on 19 February 1942 that the evacuation of civilians from Corregidor—where Quezon and his wartime cabinet were holed up--began.

 14. ABAD SANTOS BRIEFLY SERVED AS THE ACTING PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH. 
On 17 March 1942, Pres. Manuel L. Quezon designated Abad Santos as the Acting President with full authority to act in the name of, and on behalf of the President of the Philippine Commonwealth in areas unoccupied by the Japanese. This appointment was made through a letter written by Quezon in Negros Occidental, en route to his escape to the U.S. via Australia.

L-R: Last photo of Abad Santos with Japanese capt., son Pepito,Pampanga Capitol monument

 15. ABAD SANTOS' LAST LETTER TO HIS FAMILY WAS WRITTEN IN KAPAMPANGAN.
 The last letter of Abad Santos to his family was dated 16 April 1942, written in Cebu, just a little over 2 weeks before he was executed. It was delivered to the family in Manila by a kind Japanese Christian, Capt. Watanabe. The short letter, in Kapampangan, reads: Caluguran cung Mandang, Ing magdala caniti yapin ing Captain Watanabe a aquilala ming Pepito queni Cebu.Mayap ya tratus a papaquit quecami. Masalese que bili queni at eyu que pigaganacan. Panayan cu ing agad tang miquit queni. Yanamu, at masalese congan sanang dasnan mi.  Ing maligud queca, Jose A.

 16. PEPITO, ABAD SANTOS' SON, WAS ORIGINALLY PLANNED TO BE EXECUTED WITH HIS FATHER.
Keiji Fukui was an interpreter of Maj. Gen. Kiyotake Kawaguchi that led the Japanese forces in the conquest of Cebu. He testified during the war crimes trial that Gen. Masaharu Homma’s execution order originally included Pepito. However, Gen. Kawaguchi, “on his own discretion” decided to spare his son. Pepito was told to change his name to avoid detection (he chose, “Jose Francisco”, from his Christian name and the surname of his friend Rudy Francisco, aka actor Fred Montilla).

 17. GEN. HOMMA'S WAR CRIMES DID NOT ORIGINALLY INCLUDE THE CASE OF ABAD SANTOS.
 When Col. Manuel Lim was named as Chief of the Philippine War Crimes Commission, he was surprised to know that, of the 42 crimes against Gen. Masaharu Homma, no reference was made about the Abad Santos case. Lim brought the matter to the attention of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, who gave him full authority to conduct a thorough investigation. Four days before Homma was arraigned, Macarthur authorized the inclusion of Abad Santos’ execution in the charges against him. Homma was found guilty and executed on 3 April 1946.

 18. THE WHEREABOUTS OF ABAD SANTOS' GRAVE REMAINS UNKNOWN.
Abad Santos, his son Pepito and Col. Benito Valeriano were captured by the Japanese on 11 April 1942 in Barili, Cebu. Refusing to cooperate with the Japanese, Abad Santos was ordered executed by Gen. Homma, imputing the destruction of the bridges and other public works in Cebu to him. They were taken first to Parang, Cotabato then brought to Malabang, Lanao on 30 April, where Abad Santos was informed of his execution. Abad Santos was executed on 2 May 1942 under a tall coconut tree near a river bank. In the afternoon, Pepito was taken to his father's grave that the son thought was too small to hold his body. The grave was marked by a rock. After the war, an intensive search for Jose’s burial ground was launched but by then, the terrain had been cultivated and planted with crops, and the reference points—like the hut and the trees—were all gone.

L-R: Marina Benipayo, Manuel Abad Santos, Jamby Madrigal, Roxanne Abad
Santos, bust at Luneta, JASMS-QC, commemorative stamp.

 19. ABAD SANTOS AND HIS FAMOUS RELATIONS: 
 • Manuel Dizon Abad Santos Sr., Mayor of Angeles ( nephew of Jose Abad Santos, his father Irineo Basco Abad Santos, was Jose’s elder brother)
 • Consuelo “Jamby” Madrigal, Senator (granddaughter of Jose Abad Santos, daughter of Amanda Jr. with Vicente Madrigal)
 • Rosanna Pangilinan Abad Santos, Actress (screen name: Roxanne Abad Santos, great grandniece of Jose Abad Santos. Daughter of Irineo Atienza Abad Santos, whose father was Manuel Dizon Abad Santos Sr.)
 • Marina Abad Santos-Benipayo, Beauty Queen, Model, TV Personality (grandniece of Jose Abad Santos. Her mother, Nieves Abad Santos-Benipayo, is the daughter of Nieves Dayrit with Quirino Basco Abad Santos, Jose’s younger brother)

 20. TRIBUTES AND HONORS TO ABAD SANTOS.
• Jose Abad Santos is honored with monuments at the Pampanga Provincial Capitol in San Fernando,Pampanga, at the heritage district of Angeles, in Tayabas City, and a bust at Rizal Park.
• Jose Abad Santos Memorial School. The primary and secondary education school of Philippine Women’s University was named after Abad Santos in 1949. JASMS QC was established in 1956.
•The municipality of Trinidad in Davao del Sur, created in 1948, was renamed as Jose Abad Santos in his honor in 1954.
• The Bureau of Posts issued an Abad Santos commemorative stamp in 1960.
• Abad Santos Avenue is the name of the main avenue in San Fernando, Pampanga, (formerly Olongapo-Gapan Rd.). There is also 3-km Abad Santos in Tondo, Manila, and at Clark Freeport Zone.
• Abad Santos is commemorated on the ₱1000-peso bill along with Gen. Vicente Lim and Josefa Llanes Escoda, who were all killed by the Japanese during the World War II.

 Source: 
Aquino, Ramon C., A CHANCE TO DIE, A Biography of Jose Abad Santos, the Late Chief justice of the Philippines, Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House and Jose Abad Santos Memorial Society of the Philippines. 1967 Graphic Magazine

11. Part I, 20 LITTLE-KNOWN THINGS ABOUT JOSE ABAD SANTOS, CHIEF JUSTICE AND HERO

(19 Feb. 1886-d.2 May 1942)

Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos y Basco (b.1886/d/1942), jurist and martyr-hero of the last World War, is perhaps, one of the more nationally-known patriots ever to come from Pampanga. Who can forget his last, parting words to his son?: "Do not cry, Pepito, show to these people that you are brave. It is an honor to die for one's country. Not everybody has that chance”. Here are a few lesser-known aspects of his short, but heroic life

 1. THE DOUBLE SURNAME 'ABAD SANTOS' CAME TO BE, IN COMPLIANCE WITH A LEGAL REQUIREMENT.
“Abad” was added by Vicente (Jose’s father) to his existing Santos surname to differentiate his family from other Santoses, a common patronymic in the country. On the other hand, Esteban, Vicente’s brother, appended “Ferre”, making his surname “Ferre Santos”.

 2. THE YOUNG ABAD SANTOS WAS NICKNAMED ' SENGSENG'.
 Abad Santos was one of 10 children of Vicente Abad Santos and Toribia Basco. His father was already 56 when he was born. Nicknamed “Sengseng”, Jose, together with Quirino and Salvador who followed him, were affectionately called “Los Tres Reyes” by their mother, who was especially fond of the three. When he became a parent, his children addressed him as “Tatang” and their mother, “Ima”, as he preferred.

L-R. Amanda Teopaco, wife of Abad Santos, as a pensionado in the U.S.

3. ABAD SANTOS WAS A 'PENSIONADO' WHOSE BATCH INCLUDED 3 WELL-KNOWN KAPAMPANGANS. 
 Abad Santos was one of 2nd batch of 18 government scholars sent to study in the U.S. in 1904. Included in this group were his own kabalens—Sotero Baluyot, the future Pampanga governor who studied civil engineering in Iowa; Fabian de la Paz of Macabebe, who was enrolled at the Western Illinois State Teachers’ College; and medical student Gervacio Santos Cuyugan, who would become one of Pres. Quezon’s personal physicians. Cuyugan and Abad Santos, both from San Fernando, would become fast friends and roommates while both enrolled at University of Illinois. On his 2nd year, Abad Santos moved to Northwestern University.

 4. ABAD SANTOS FLUNKED THE 1910 BAR EXAMS.
Abad Santos returned to the Philippines in 1909 to become a member of the bar. He took the 1910 Bar Exams—but failed. That was because the test covered Spanish codes while his training abroad emphasized American laws. The next year in September, he again, took the bar exams, and this time, passed it. He was admitted to the bar on 12 October 1911.

 5.AMANDA TEOPACO, THE WIFE OF ABAD SANTOS WAS A NATIONAL BEAUTY QUEEN.

Amanda Teopaco (b.1901) was the daughter of the revolutionist Pedro Teopaco and Miguela Hizon, sister of patriot Gen. Maximino Hizon. While an “interna” at the Centro Escolar de Señoritas in Manila, her pictures would often appear in newspapers like El Renacimiento and La Vanguardia, often with poems dedicated to her. One picture of hers found its way to the Philippine Free Press which was then conducting a beauty search. The winners were selected by the Free Press readers at the end of 1909. Amanda finished in 6th place among the Top 13 Beauties.

 6. THOUGH A KAPAMPANGAN, ABAD SANTOS HAD A TASTE FOR SIMPLE, NATIVE FOOD. 
At home, Abad Santos favored simple native food. For dessert, he preferred “panocha” (peanut candy) over leche flan. he was fond of “pindang” and “halo-halo”. His breakfast consisted of fried rice, tuyo, coffee and fruit—a regular morning fare that he never got tired of eating.

L-R. Daughters Luz and Amanda, national swimmers;

 7. THE DAUGHTERS OF ABAD SANTOS WERE MEMBERS OF THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL SWIMMING TEAM. 
Amanda Jr. was a member of the 1934 Far Eastern Games swimming team representing the Philippines in the 50-meter free style and 100-meter backstroke with sister Luz Abad Santos. Both were champion swimmers of Philippine Women’s College. This skill was learned from their father, who learned to swim in the San Fernando river. When Abad Santos had their house built in San Juan, he also had a swimming pool added, where he trained his daughters to swim.

 8. JOSE'S BROTHER, ANTONIO, MARRIED AMANDA' SISTER, RAMONA, MAKING HIM HIS BROTHER'S OWN BROTHER-IN-LAW.
 Amanda Teopaco was actually a distant cousin of Abad Santos. The sponsors at their wedding on 21 September 1918 were Pedro Abad Santos and Mrs. Aurea Ocampo- Escaler. When Jose’s elder brother Antonio married Ramona Teopaco, he became his brother’s own brother-in-law and Ramona, became his sister-in-law twice. By coincidence, two Abad Santos daughters married two brothers.

 9. TWO ABAD SANTOS DAUGHTERS MARRIED TO TWO MADRIGAL BROTHERS.
Amanda Jr. married industrialist Antonio Paterno Madrigal ( he founded Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, East-Asia Capital Corporation, Susana Realty Incorporated, Rizal Cement Company and Corinthian Gardens). Victoria, married Jose Paterno Madrigal who was at the helm of Madrigal Properties. Both brothers were sons of business tycoon and Senator Vicente Madrigal and Susana Paterno.

 10. ABAD SANTOS HELD THE POSITION OF SECRETARY OF JUSTICE THREE TIMES.
Under Gov. Gen. Leonard Wood (1922-1923, resigned due to a conflict with Wood), Under Gov. Generals Henly L. Stimson, Dwight F. Davis and Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1928-1932), and finally under Pres. Manuel L. Quezon (1938-1941). In between, Abad Santos engaged in private practice, first with brother Pedro, then partnered with Dean Conrado Benitez. He later joined the law firm of Camus, Delgado & Recto.

Sources:

Aquino, Ramon C., A CHANCE TO DIE, A Biography of Jose Abad Santos, the Late Chief justice of the Philippines, Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House and Jose Abad Santos Memorial Society of the Philippines. 1967

Graphic Magazine

10. 23 NAMES OF COMMON (AND NOT-SO-COMMON) INSECTS IN KAPAMPANGAN

Sure, you've heard of salaguinto, salagubang, alitaptap, ipas, panas--familiar terms for those six-legged insects that crawl, fly and creep, that we swat, squeeze, or spray with pesticide. But have you heard of aniguan? Or seen a kobung-kobung? Or how do you call in Kapampangan that small devious-looking creature with horned pincers on its head? Here are more seldom-heard Kapampangan names for bugs, insects and other creepy-crawlies in the house and garden.

1. APSANG. A name for any tiny, pesky insect like mites and gnats.
2. AYUP-AYUPAN. Winged termites. Literally, mock birds. These small, winged flies with soft bodies that are actually mature winged termites that swarm like birds around sources of light. They resemble winged ants, only their wings are longer and they don’t bite.
3. BABAGUA or BAGUA. Spider. These web-spinning Arachnids are known to many Kapampangan children as they were a source of leisure in the old days. Babagua matches were conducted with two spiders fighting it out while perched on a ‘tingting’ (spine of a palm leaf). Spider types even had names: Big spiders are called GANGATO. TAIMIS refers to argiope spiders that rested in the center of webs in an “X” position, hence the name. The dreaded SAGUAN are spiders with horned backs.
 4. BOMBUAN or BUAN-BUAN. Bee. Bees belong to the order Hymenoptera which makes them relatives of wasps and aunts and are known to be busybodies, with important roles in pollination. A honey bee is called PUCQUITAN and the wild variety is called ANIGUAN. No wonder, the busy bee is the mascot of the country’s most popular burger chain, but the fastfood insists that “Jollibee is not a bee….he is your friend!”.
 5. DURUN. Grasshopper. Locusts are short-horned grasshoppers that can become pests. The green variety with sharp, serrated legs are called KANABSI. Children often play with ‘durun’ by removing the legs and squeezing the fleshy femur while asking,”Nukarin ya ing banwa?”. This causes the hind leg to point upwards. When the kids ask,”Nukarin ya ing yatu?”, the hind leg points down, when unsqueezed.
 6. KAMARU. Mole cricket. Kamaru are of the same order as grasshoppers, locusts and crickets (Orthoptera). They have cylindrical, fleshy bodies with small eyes and flipper-like forelimbs ideal for burrowing. In Pampanga, kamarus are culinary delicacies often cooked adobo-style.

 7. KAMBUBULAG. Moth,especially referring to the large, nocturnal variety. Related to butterflies (of the order Lepidoptera), they are so called because it is the belief that that powdery substance on the moth’s wings and bodies can cause blindness when it comes in contact with the eyes. The powder is actually tiny pigmented scales made from modified hair that gives color and pattern to the moth’s wings.
 8. KANSASAMBA. Praying mantis. Members of the order Mantodea are characterized by triangular head, large eyes on a long neck, with elongated bodies, and all have greatly-enlarged fore arms. When a kansasamba is in an upright position with folded fore arms, it looks like it is praying, hence the name. A praying mantis is also called PAPALAKUL, because the movement of the arms of this predatory insect mimics a chopping action. It is also called MANGANAK-UBINGAN (snake-bearer), because of the belief that a mantis can give birth to a snake.
 9. KOBUNG-KOBUNG. Antlion. Kobung-kobung are the larvae of an insect family called Myrmeleontidae, which eventually become flying insects that look like dragonflies or lacewings. Kobung-Kobung are known for digging pits to trap passing ants or other prey. Children often amuse themselves by catching kobung-kobung by stirring the pit with a strand of hair. This causes the kobung-kobung to grasp the hair strand, which is then pulled out to retrieve the strange-looking bug.
10. KULIGLIG. Cicada. These insects, relative of leafhoppers and aphids are known for their prominent eyes set wide apart, short antennae, and iridescent front wings. Kuligigs are known for their loud song, produced by rapidly vibrating a drumlike, exo-skeletal membrane called tymbals. It is no wonder that noisy tricycles in some provinces are called “kuligig”.
 11. LAIPAN. Centipede. Centipedes are arthropods, elongated creatures with segmented bodies that can have a number of legs from 30 to over 300. Centipedes are known to be venomous, with a pair of poison claws, and a “kinis-laipan” (centipede bite) can cause fever and can prove fatal.
 12. LIBANGO. Stink bug. A term for small, black bugs that exude a distinct unpleasant odor when crushed. Fray Diego Bergaño, the famed 18th c. dictionarist, notes that libango cause damage to palay, corn and other plants and infect the air with their stench.

 13. LIPAKTUNG. Field Cricket. Lipaktung belong to the Gryllidae family with cylindrical bodies and long antenna. These jumpers also make a distinct chirping sound at night. Lipaktung are also another Kapampangan insect delicacy, cooked adobo-style, or friend to a crisp.
 14. PAPALTUK. Click Beetle. These insects from the Elateridae family are characterized by the unusual click mechanism they possess. Elaterids have a spine on the pro-sternum that can be snapped to produce a loud ‘click’(paltuk) sound, and which can bounce the beetle into the air. This is also useful when the papaltuk is on its back and needs to right itself. Kids often play with papaltuk beetles by putting them on top of a can, so they can “click” their heads on the tin can to produce a louder clicking, drumming sound.
 15. PAPATUT. Bombardier Beetle. So called, because these beetles from the Carabidae family are most notable for the defense mechanism when disturbed-- they eject a foul-smelling spray from their abdomen, producing gas to propel the spray with a popping sound. Papatut are ground beetles, preferring tto stay under the leaves of vegetable plants.
 16. PATUAG-PATUAG, or PAPATUAG. Mosquito larva. These jumpy, little creatures that jerk and rock back and forth (papatuwag) in stagnant water are larvae of mosquitos.
 17. SIBAUNG . Water beetle. These edible, water-dwelling black beetles gave Manibaug in Porac its name, which was once overrun with these insects. Bergaño, however, defines them mistakenly as black wasps that could destroy palm trees, penetrate people’s ears, but could be killed with strong wine. “Manibaung kata!”, was an invitation to go on a sibaung-catching in the fields of this municipality. “Manibaung” was contracted to “Manibaug”.
 18. TALUBANG. Butterfly. These brightly-colored winged insects are part of a class of fluttering creatures in the order Lepidoptera, along with the moths. The local name, ‘talubang’, is derived from a native game which involves asking lady participants who have adopted the name of flowers, the whereabouts of a “butterfly”. The one who fails to answer is penalized by giving up a personal item. The games is also known as ‘bulaklakan’ or ‘juego de prenda’. Today, the Spanish “mariposa” is used more than “talubang”.

 19. TATABUAN. Wasp. Like the ant and the bee, wasps or “tatabuan” are descended from a suborder of insects called Apocrita. They are aggressive stingers and are noted for their slim waists. The most common wasp is the hornet with the more familiar local name-TAMUMU. Hornets are known to sting people when their nesting sites are threatened, and their stings are more dangerous than bees.
 20. TULANG. Dragonfly. Belonging to the order Odonata, dragonflies have large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of transparent wings, and an elongated body and tail. Dragonfly varieties include “tulang dapu” (green and large), “tulang babi” (orange) and slender “tulang karayum” (damsel flies). When catching “tulang’, children chant a juvenile rhyme to keep the insect still—“Tulang, Tulang, silut daka pitaklan” (Dragonfly, dragonfly, I’ll stick something in your butt). This refers to the practice of inserting a thin grass stalk into the tail of a ‘tulang’ so it could fly low, thus making it easy to be retrieved.
 21. TUNGAO. Mite. Tiny blood-sucking insect that penetrates the skin. Bergaño notes that the tungao can become very red because of the blood it sucks.
 22. UANG. Rhinoceros Beetle. The horned beetle Kapampangans call “uang’ is a member of the scarab family of beetles (Scarabaeidae). The two horns almost meet and by moving its head, the beetle can pinch with them. ‘Uangs’ make ideal play pets; captured beetles are often tied to a hanging sugarcane stalk on which to feed. The uang is a strong bug; it can escape danger by digging and burying itself underground.
 23. PIRIS or ULAD BUGSUKAN. Hairy Caterpillar. A common name for the larvae of members of the order Lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths). In Kapampangan, “piris” refers to the spiny and hairy caterpillar variety which causes an itchy rash when touched. 

Picture Sources: 
Moth: commons.wikimedia.org 
Cicada: songsofinsects.com 

Grasshopper: animalia-life.com

Flying termite: www.colonialpest.com

Antlion: www.opsu.edu

Bombardier beetle:  en.wikipedia.org

Cicada: songsofinsects.com

Filed Cricket: www.alamy.com

Click Beetle: www.australianmuseum.net

Whirligig (water beetele): bugguide.net

Mite: identifyus.com

Rhinoceros beetle: turbosquid.com

Mole cricket, St.Andrew’s Spider :  www.asknature.org

Hairy caterpillar: www.shutterstock.com

All others: free clip art

Wikipedia.org

9. 19 CANDIDATES TO THE MISS PAMPANGA CARNIVAL OF 1933

From 22 April to 6 May 1933, the Pampanga Carnival Fair and Exposition—“the greatest concourse of people on the island of Luzon”--was held at the Capitol grounds in San Fernando. The main purpose of the Pampanga Carnival, under the directorship of Justice Jose Gutierrez David,  was to showcase the strides made by the province in commerce, agriculture, trade and industry. Highlighting the historic event was the crowning of Miss Pampanga 1933, selected from 19 lovely Misses Municipality.

MISS ANGELES, Maria Agustina Pilar A. Nepomuceno

(b. 13 October 1911-d. 5 June 1995) Daughter of Gonzalo Mariano Nepomuceno and Gertrudes Ayson y Cunanan. Not much is remembered about her reign or the circumstances of her victory. Later married noted doctor, Conrado Manankil y Tison. They had 4 children, one of whom—Marietta Manankil (now Mercado)—continued the tradition of beauty in her family by becoming Miss Angeles 1955.

MISS APALIT, Lina R. Espiritu

Daughter of Lucas Espiritu and Rosa Raymundo, a well-known family from Apalit.  Became an educator, and was a longtime teacher at the Far Eastern University. Married to Galo Acuña, with whom she had 4 children, two of whom also became noted educators at the University of the Philippines (Jasmine and Andresito). Her second marriage to a certain Mr. Cayetano, also produced 4 children

MISS ARAYAT, Felicidad A. Santos

Daughter of widower Emilio A. Santos, sugar planter, businessman and a former municipal presidente of Arayat whose family founded Arayat Institute. She was a Holy Ghost College student when she was named Miss Arayat.

MISS BACOLOR, Luz L. Sarmiento

 (b. 23 July 1914-d. Aug. 1988). The celebrated Bacolor beauty was born to Laureano Sarmiento and Ines Lugue. Studied at the local St. Mary’s Academy, then attended Assumption Academy in neighboring San Fernando for her higher education. Became Pampanga’s entry to the 1934 Manila Carnival. After the contest, she settled down as wife to Jose Gregorio Panlilio y Santos-Joven, in April 1934. An only child, Jesus Nazareno a year later. The couple made their home in Bacolor, where Luz propagated a lifelong devotion to Nuestra Sñra. del Rosario.

MISS CANDABA, Marina Reyes

MISS GUAGUA, Quintina Lapira

MISS LUBAO, Cornelia Flores

MISS MABALACAT, Pacita D. Sese

(b. 1916-d. 21 Aug. 2004) Daughter of the town treasurer, Andres Sese and Justina de Guzman. Graduate of Instituto de Mujeres.  Married Mauro Feliciano of San Fernando.

MISS MACABEBE, Paciencia Gomez

MISS MAGALANG, Belen A. Gueco

Second daughter of Lorenzo C. Gueco, a successful doctor, sugar planter, business man and PASUDECO stockholder and Elena Aquino. Her elder sister Paz was also a noted town beauty. Schooled at St. Paul’s Institute, Manila. She was an active and popular member of Rho Alpha and Nucleo Solteril. Her candidacy was supported by the Mountainside Club, headed by Jose Luciano, but pulled out of the provincial contest after some controversy. Nevertheless, she was feted house-to-house by her proud kabalens, who were rumored to have withdrawn their support for her. Later married Jose Tinsay.

MISS MASANTOL, Maria M. Guinto

(b. 17 Mar. 1913/ d. 2 Apr. 1969), Daughter of Nicholas "Ura" Guinto and Juana "Anang" Mendoza . Wife of Artemio Ibay Manansala, Sr. with whom she had 7 children with whom she had 7 children, mostly U.S. based. Died 1969 of cancer.

MISS MEXICO, Candida Nuqui

A student of Sta. Rosa College in Manila when elected as town beauty.

MISS MINALIN, Benita Mercado

MISS PORAC, Natalia Poy Lorenzo

MISS SAN FERNANDO, Corazon P. Hizon

Winner of Miss Pampanga Carnival of 1933. Daughter Corazon Hizon of San Fernando, the daughter of Maria Paras and Jose Hizon. After her reign, the lovely Corazon, the toast of the Pampanga Carnival, married Marcelino Dizon also of San Fernando. They settled in the town they loved best and raised 9 children, all daughters—Monica, Maria Teresa, Maria Corazon, Lidia, Encarnacion, Concepcion, Maria Asuncion and Josefina. Monica’s daughter with Marcelino Enriquez, Maria Lourdes, continued the beauty tradition in the family by becoming Bb. Pilipinas-International 1987.

MISS SAN SIMON, Sotera Santos

MISS SANTA ANA, Milagros Pangan

MISS STA. RITA, Constancia M. Maglalang

Parents were Francisco Maglalang Jr. and Olivia Miranda, whose great great grandfather, Angel Pantaleon de Miranda, was the founder of Angeles town. She later married her cousin, Emetrio de Castro and bore 8 children: Emeterio Jr., Constancia Jr., Gemma, Alicia, Rosalinda, Rolando, Amelia and Cecilia.

MISS SEXMOAN, Marta Pinlac